In this post, we will look at how to execute JavaScript code on the page with Selenium.

Document Object Model(DOM) can access and manipulate all the elements on a web page with JavaScript. You can inspect an element on a web page and see the available methods using developer tools of your browser of choice. You can run JavaScript code with Selenium if a certain action can not be performed using regular Selenium commands.

To accomplish this, Selenium WebDriver will inject the JavaScript statement into the browser and the script will perform the job.

There are two methods for the…

If you are a person who likes to send new year message cards to your friends or family, maybe you want to do it by programming this time. Let’s start…

Prepare Your Environment

We need to create a virtual environment before starting to isolate dependencies from the rest of the system.

• If you are using pip

python -m venv env
source env/bin/activate
pip install yagmail

• If you are using pipenv

pipenv install yagmail
pipenv shell

yagmail is a Python package created to interact with Gmail accounts to make sending emails easier.

Implementation & Explanation

The program will have both command line parameters and interactive mode support.

…

In the previous post, we looked at working with cookies. We will explore the handling of alert dialogs in this post.

An alert is a pop-up window. It gets triggered due to some action performed by the user or automatically due to some system settings. Their purpose is to give some information to the user, take permission, or take some input from the user.

Selenium WebDriver Alert API provides methods to handle interactions with these pop-up message boxes.

We can categorize the alerts into the following three types:

1. Simple Alert
2. Confirmation Alert
3. Prompt Alert

Simple Alert

A simple alert shows a custom…

In the previous post, we explored how to pass options to the Selenium WebDriver instance to set the various preferences for the browser.

EventFiringWebDriver class is a wrapper for a WebDriver instance that supports firing events.

You can use this to take some actions before or after certain events like finding an element, navigating to a url, clicking an element, or quitting the browser.

It takes driver, and event_listener as arguments. event_listener is an instance of a class that subclasses the AbstractEventListener class.

Following methods of the AbstractEventListener class should be implemented fully or partially.

* before_navigate_to(self, url, driver) *…

In the previous post, we explored how to control the keyboard actions with Selenium. We will see how we can configure the WebDriver instance by passing options/capabilities to it.

Passing Options

You can pass the options to WebDriver instance such as headless to run the browser without a GUI.

The following example uses the Options class imported as FirefoxOptions to pass the headless option to the Firefox driver.

Capabilities

Capabilities are options that you can use to customize and configure a WebDriver session. A client can use capabilities to specify required features while creating a new session.

List of Capabilities

• browserName
• browserVersion
• …

In the previous post, we looked at the different navigation strategies. We will see how to control the keyboard actions in this post.

Selenium allows us to emulate actions on the keyboard such as pressing keys, or clearing the content written. Also, we can use modifier keys like CTRL or SHIFT to perform some compound/combined keypresses with the help of ActionChains class.

Action Chains

Action chains allow interactions such as mouse movements, mouse button actions, keypress, and drag-and-drop. When you call methods for actions on the ActionChains object, the actions are stored in a queue in the ActionChains object. When you call…

In the previous post, we looked at different wait strategies. I will try to explain navigation among URLs, windows, frames, and alerts in this post.

Opening a Website

Opening a website is the first thing after starting a web browser. In Selenium this is done with the get method call on WebDriver instance like below.

Implementation Detail

• get method invokes the execute(Command.GET, {'url':url}) call. Url passed is used in the POST request to /session/:sessionId/url endpoint.
• execute method calls the command executer’s execute method. Command executer is an instance of the RemoteConnection class. …

In the previous post, we looked at how to locate elements before interacting with them. We will explore how waits work in Selenium to make sure that elements are presented in the DOM before interacting with them in this post.

The document.readyState property of an HTML document describes the loading state of the current document. By default, a driver.get request returns to the caller when the ready state becomes complete.

There are 3 kinds of page loading strategies for Selenium WebDriver.

normal

Wait for the entire page is loaded that is determined with the load event.

eager

Wait until the…